Las TIC en la pandemia como fenómeno social complejo para el psicólogo educativo / The information and communication technologies (ICT) in the pandemic as a complex social phenomenon for the educational psychologist

El presente texto busca resaltar la relevancia que tiene para el psicólogo educativo los problemas y trastornos sociales, psicopedagógicos y de salud ocasionados por el uso de las TIC, y la manera cómo pueden ser detectados e intervenidos para evitar el desarrollo de adicciones y demás trastornos físicos, psicológicos y emocionales que pueden derivarse de los mismos. Al tener mayor claridad sobre los trastornos sociales genera-dos por las TIC, entenderemos mejor todos los fenómenos sociales y psicólogos educativos, comprendiendo que el concepto de trastorno se refiere a una entidad clínica, médica o psicosocial establecida por las ciencias de la salud y psicopatología. Nuestro papel es encontrar un punto medio entre la necesidad de mantenernos conectados e informados en estos tiempos de aislamiento social y el abuso desmedido que genera una adicción con todas sus consecuencias para la salud física, mental y emocional

This text seeks to highlight the relevance that social, psychopedagogical and health problems and disorders caused using ICT have for the educational psychologist, and the way in which they can be detected and intervened to avoid the development of addictions and other physical disorders, psychological and emotional that can be derived from them. By having greater clarity of the social disorders generated by ICT, we will better comprehend all social phenomena as educational psychologists, understanding very well the concept of disorder that refers to a clinical, medical, or psychosocial entity established by the health sciences and psychopathology. Our role is to find a middle ground between the need to stay connected and informed in these times of social isolation and the excessive abuse that an addiction generates with all its consequences for physical, mental, and emotional health

El phubbing y las relaciones de pareja adulta / Phubbing and adult couple relationships

Objetivo: comprender cuáles son los efectos generados por el Phubbing en las rela-ciones de pareja adulta. Materiales: la investigación es cualitativa y fenomenológica, para ello se trabaja con las historias de vida recolectadas por medio de una entrevista a profundidad, la misma se diseñó teniendo en cuenta las categorías de análisis. Po-blación: para el trabajo de campo se contó con cinco personas, adultos jóvenes con edades entre 25 a 40 años. Metodología: la presente investigación comprendida en el periodo de febrero hasta noviembre de 2020 se realizó bajo un enfoque cualitativo con diseño fenomenológico, el cual lleva a una comprensión e interpretación en amplitud del fenómeno, enfocado desde la realidad subjetiva de los informantes, es un enfoque dinámico donde las hipótesis y preguntas pueden manifestarse en cualquier momento (Hernández Sampieri et al., 2014). Resultados: se reconoce que este fenómeno es sig-nificativamente interferente en las relaciones de pareja, fomentando sentimientos de abandono e incluso en algunos casos de desconfianza. Conclusión: el consumo de las nuevas tecnologías permite apreciaciones encontradas, en tanto se encuentran postu-ras a favor y en contra; en todo caso el fenómeno resulta conflictivo cuando no se tiene un uso racional y mediático, llegando a interponerse como una barrera comunicativa

Objective: to understand the effects generated by Phubbing in adult couple relationships. Materials: the research is qualitative and phenomenological, for this we work with life stories collected through an in-depth interview, which was designed taking into account the categories of analysis. Population: for the field work there were five people, young adults between 25 and 40 years of age. Methodology: the present research, from February to November 2020, was conducted under a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design, which leads to a broad understanding and interpretation of the phenomenon, focused on the subjective reality of the informants, it is a dynamic approach where the hypothesis and questions can be expressed at any time (Hernández Sampieri, 2014). Results: it is recognized that this phenomenon is significantly interfering in couple relationships, fostering feelings of abandonment and even in some cases of distrust. Conclusion: the consumption of new technologies allows conflicting appreciations, as there are positions in favor and against, in any case the phenomenon is conflictive when it is not used rationally and mediatically, becoming a communicative barrier

Relationship between Facebook problematic use and pathological personality traits: a systematic review / Relação entre uso problemático do Facebook e traços patológicos da personalidade: uma revisão sistemática / Relación entre uso problemático de Facebook y características patológicos de la personalidad: una revisión sistemática

We aimed to investigate relationships between Facebook problematic use (Facebook PU) and pathological traits of personality, by a systematic review. The literature search was proceeded based on a search strategy including the keywords "Facebook", "problematic use" and "personality". We found a total of 236 publications and selected 21 papers for full verification. All of them were excluded, characterizing an empty review. As an attempt to increase the probability of finding eligible publications, first, we have broadened the search of the systematic review from "Facebook" to "social network sites" (and variations); and then from "social network sites" to "internet". Regarding this last change, the final set of publications after full reading based on the eligibility criteria was composed by 15 papers. We emphasize that there was no empirical evidence on the relationship between Facebook PU and pathological traits of personality. Given the proximity between Facebook PU and internet addiction, it is possible to hypothesize that there is a relationship between pathological traits (i.e., Neuroticism, Impulsivity, and Psychoticism) and Facebook PU. (AU)

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as relações entre o uso problemático do Facebook (Facebook PU) e traços patológicos, por meio de uma revisão sistemática. Os descritores foram "Facebook", "uso problemático" e "personalidade", e variações foram incluídas. Foi encontrado um total de 236 publicações. Entre elas, 21 foram selecionadas para leitura completa e todas foram excluídas, o que caracterizou o trabalho como uma empty review. Como uma tentativa de aumentar a probabilidade de encontrar publicações elegíveis, foi ampliado a busca para "internet". O conjunto final de publicações após a leitura completa com base nos critérios de elegibilidade foi composto por 15 artigos. Ressalta-se que não há evidência empírica sobre a relação entre o Facebook PU e traços patológicos. Dada a proximidade entre o Facebook PU e a dependência da internet, é possível supor que existe uma relação entre traços patológicos (isto é, neuroticismo, impulsividade e psicoticismo) e o Facebook PU. (AU)

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las relaciones entre el uso problemático de Facebook (Facebook PU) y los rasgos patológicos de la personalidad, a través de una revisión sistemática. La búsqueda bibliográfica incluyó los descriptores "Facebook", "uso problemático", "personalidad" y variaciones. Se encontró un total de 236 publicaciones, de las cuales, 21 fueron seleccionadas para la verificación completa, a pesar de que todos fueron excluidos, lo que caracterizó el trabajo como una revisión vacía. En un intento de aumentar la probabilidad de encontrar publicaciones elegibles, se amplió las palabras claves a "sitios de redes sociales" (y variaciones); y luego a "internet". El conjunto final de publicaciones después de la lectura completa basada en los criterios de elegibilidad consistió en 15 artículos. Cabe enfatizar que no hubo evidencias empíricas sobre la relación entre el Facebook PU y los rasgos patológicos. Dada la proximidad entre Facebook PU y la adicción a Internet, es posible suponer que existe una relación entre los rasgos patológicos (i.e., neuroticismo, impulsividad y psicoticismo) y Facebook PU. (AU)

Propiedades psicométricas del Test de Dependencia al Teléfono Móvil (TDMB) en Argentina y sus relaciones con la impulsividad / Psychometric Properties of the Mobile Phone Dependency Test (TDMB) in Argentina and its Relationship with Impulsivity

Resumen El uso de teléfonos celulares ha aumentado exponencialmente en la mayoría de los países del mundo. Desde una perspectiva psicológica, se han desarrollado diferentes técnicas para evaluar el nivel de dependencia hacia el uso del teléfono móvil, y el test TDMB es una de las más utilizadas. Objetivo. El objetivo principal del trabajo fue realizar la adaptación y validación al contexto argentino del cuestionario TDMB y sus relaciones con la impulsividad. Método. Participaron del estudio 339 adultos residentes en Argentina, con edades entre los 18 y 65 años (M = 37.66; DT = 12.87), siendo el 74.3% mujeres. La batería de evaluación incluyó el TDMD, la UPPS-P para evaluar impulsividad y variables ad-hoc relacionadas con el uso del teléfono celular. Resultados. Se obtuvieron propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la versión argentina del TDMB. Asimismo, se observaron relaciones entre todas las dimensiones del cuestionario y la impulsividad, como también diferencias según la edad y el sexo de los participantes. Se discuten los alcances y límites de la prueba, así como sus relaciones con la impulsividad y el uso cotidiano del teléfono móvil.

Abstract. The use of cell phones has increased exponentially in most countries of the world. From a psychological perspective, different techniques have been developed to assess the level of dependence towards the use of the mobile phone, the TDMB test being one of the most used. Objective. The aim of the research was to adapt and validate the TDMB and its relations with impulsivity. Method. 339 adults residing in Argentina participated in the study, with ages between 18 and 65 years (M = 37.66; SD = 12.87), of which 74.3% were women. The evaluation included the TDMD, the UPPS-P to evaluate impulsivity and ad-hoc variables related to cell phone use. Results. Adequate psychometric properties were observed for the Argentine version of the TDMB. Likewise, relationships were observed between all dimensions of the questionnaire and impulsivity, as well as differences according to the age and gender of the participants. The scope and limits of the test are discussed, as well as its relationships with the impulsivity and daily use of the mobile phone.

Problematic Internet use, emotional problems and quality of life among adolescents / Uso problemático de Internet, problemas emocionais e qualidade de vida entre adolescentes / Uso problemático de Internet, problemas emocionales y calidad de vida entre adolescentes

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) among adolescents (N = 466) and its possible association with emotional problems and quality of life. Students (Mage = 12.8 years; SD = 1.9) from five public schools in a city in the State of São Paulo participated in this study and completed four instruments: a sociodemographic questionnaire; Internet Addiction Test (IAT); Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). No significant differences were detected about the frequency and intensity of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress compared to those who did not have problems with the use of the Internet. No differences were observed between the groups in respect of quality of life either. However, those individuals who felt that their internet use impaired their daily activities presented higher average IAT scores and higher levels of stress. These findings indicated that the perception of internet use was the main variable associated with emotional symptoms. (AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência de Uso Problemático de Internet (UPI) entre adolescentes (N = 466) e sua possível associação com problemas emocionais e qualidade de vida. Estudantes (Midade = 12,8; DP = 1,9) de cinco escolas públicas de um município do Estado de São Paulo participaram deste estudo e preencheram quatro instrumentos: Questionário sociodemográfico; Internet Addiction Test (IAT); Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS -21) e Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Não se encontrou relação significante entre a frequência e intensidade dos sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse em comparação com aqueles que não possuem problemas com o uso da internet. Em relação à qualidade de vida, também não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos. Entretanto, aqueles que possuíam uma percepção de uso de internet prejudicial a suas atividades cotidianas apresentaram maior pontuação média do instrumento IAT e maiores níveis de estresse. Esses achados indicam que a percepção do uso do uso de internet foi a principal variável associada com sintomas emocionais. (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia del Uso Problemático de Internet (UPI) entre adolescentes (N = 466) y su posible asociación con problemas emocionales y calidad de vida. Los estudiantes (Midade = 12,8; DS = 1,9) de cinco escuelas públicas en una ciudad de la provincia de São Paulo participaron en este estudio y completaron cuatro instrumentos: un cuestionario sociodemográfico; Internet Addiction Test (IAT); Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) y Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). No se detectaron diferencias significativas sobre la frecuencia y la intensidad de los síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en comparación con aquellos que no tuvieron problemas con el uso de Internet. Tampoco se observaron diferencias entre los grupos con respecto a la calidad de vida. Sin embargo, aquellas personas que sintieron que su uso de Internet perjudicaba sus actividades diarias presentaron escores promedios más altos de IAT y niveles más altos de estrés. Estos hallazgos indicaron que la percepción del uso de Internet fue la principal variable asociada a los síntomas emocionales. (AU)

Validation of a scale to evaluate the abusive use of technologies (Computer, cell phone, tablet, among others)

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Daily, prolonged interactivity of individuals with technologies (computer, cell phone, tablet, among others) impacts life and significantly changes habits, behaviors, personal and social relationships. Technologies lead to a multitude of advantages, but attention is required concerning possible damages. OBJECTIVE: Validation of a scale to evaluate the abuse use of technologies (TAUS). METHOD: TAUS validation was carried out in 5 phases: (1) initial scale construction with 20 questions, (2) expert evaluation, (3) application to 200 volunteers, (4) statistical analysis and results, (5) preparation of the final version of the validated TAUS. We used the R statistical program and the "dplyr" package version 3.4.2 to present descriptive statistics, to test hypotheses of means differences and for factorial analysis. Factor analysis was used for the orthogonal model. The method used was Principal Components based on Spearman's correlation matrix. RESULTS: The results provided a final, validated version of a TAUS suitable for clinical and research contexts. The last step of the study was to calculate Cronbach's alpha, in order to measure the internal consistency of the scale. The value found was 0.910, which is considered good. CONCLUSIONS: This Technology Abuse Scale may contribute to future studies, to the conscious use of technologies, to a reduction of physical and emotional damage and to an improvement of the subjects' quality of life.

Validation of a scale to evaluate Digital Dependence of Employees

BACKGROUND: The evolution of technologies and mobility, new digital resources have emerged transforming human behavior. These include the abusive use of digital devices, leading to various dependences regarding the way people use technology. Collective environments also begin to exhibit symptoms of such dependences. OBJECTIVE: Validate a Digital Dependence of Employees Scale (DDES), applied to personnel not holding leadership positions in organizations. METHOD: Data were collected via Internet. The sample totaled 301 volunteers from a state-owned company, of which 294 were statistically validated. Participants were asked to answer 20 questions prepared by experts. After the collection procedure, a database was created for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Statistical analysis procedure including factorial analysis was conducted, which confirmed data adequacy. Three statistical criteria were used: Bartlett Sphericity test, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Criterion and Factorial analysis, including Screeplot; the latter determined adequate commonalities, indicating the cancellation of only 1 out of the 20 original scale questions. The internal consistency of the scale measured through the Cronbach Alpha Coefficient showed a positive result of 0.764. Thus, scale validation objectives were achieved. CONCLUSION: The DDES scale was considered validated to be applied to employees in organizational environments. The limitations found to apply the scale did not compromise its results.

Validation of a Scale to evaluate Pathological Digital Game Dependence

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Digital game or video game disorders have been recently (June 2018) included in ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases) by the World Health Organization (WHO). The disorder can occur with or without an internet connection. OBJECTIVE: Validation of a scale to evaluate the dependence of pathological digital game (PDGD). METHOD: Validation of the PDGD was performed in 5 phases: (1) initial scale construction with 20 questions, (2) expert assessment, (3) application to 200 volunteers, (4) statistical analysis and production of results using statistical programs, (5) elaboration of the final validated scale. RESULTS: We used the R statistical program Version 3.4.2 and the "dplyr" package to present the descriptive statistics, the hypotheses tests of differences of means and the factorial analysis. The last step was to calculate Cronbach's alpha, in order to measure the internal consistency of the questionnaire. The value found was 0.955, which is very good. CONCLUSIONS: This research allowed us to construct a final version of the PDGD suitable for the clinical contexts and usable in research on the dependence of digital games. This scale may contribute to future studies, conscious use of technologies, reduction of physical and emotional damage and improvement of the quality of life.

Scale validation to evaluate WhatsApp dependence (WADS)

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND INFORMATION: One of the most popular social networks is WhatsApp. Abusive use of this tool has produced significant changes in behavioral and social behaviors and habits of individuals. Therefore, research is needed to allow us to specifically evaluate the interaction of WhatsApp with the daily lives of individuals. OBJECTIVE: Production and validation of a scale to evaluate WhatsApp dependence (WADS). METHODS: Validation performed in 5 phases: 1- initial scale construction with 20 questions, 2- expert evaluation, 3- application in volunteers, 4- statistical analysis and results, and 5- elaboration of the final version of the validated WADS. RESULTS: We obtained a descriptive statistical analysis, a clear-cut separation of dependents vs. non-dependents and a successful factorial analysis. These results provided a validated version of WADS. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to construct a final version of WADS adequate to clinical contexts and to be used in future research to evaluate dependence of this digital tool. WADS will contribute to the conscious use of WhatsApp, hopefully reducing harmful effects and improving quality of life.

Validation of a scale to assess Facebook dependence

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Facebook is a social network that has become part of the everyday life of contemporary humanity and is notably the most accessed digital tool, worldwide; through it, one can simultaneously relate to millions of people, as a source of information, communication or entertainment. OBJECTIVE: To produce and validate a scale to evaluate Facebook dependence (FDS). METHOD: Validation was performed in 5 phases: 1- initial scale construction with 20 questions, 2- expert evaluation, 3- application in 200 volunteers, 4- statistical analysis and results, and 5- elaboration of the final 18-question validated version of FDS. RESULTS: We obtained a descriptive statistical analysis, a clear-cut separation of dependents vs. non-dependents and a successful factorial analysis. These results provided a validated version of FDS. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to construct the validated final version of FDS with 18 questions appropriate to the clinical contexts and to be used in conducting research on Facebook dependence. This scale will contribute to future research related to this specific digital dependence, hopefully reducing harmful effects and improving quality of life.

Validation of the scale to evaluate physical damages related to the Abusive Use of Technology in daily life (PDAUTS)

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: New computer technologies, namely smart cellphones and tablets, among others, interacting along the daily life of individuals may contribute toward the rise of problems: depression, stress and physical damage (undue postures, upper and lower extremity disorders, vision problems, obesity), all of them related to excessive time spent on technological equipment; together with inadequate furniture, quality of life can be seriously affected. OBJECTIVE: To validate a scale to evaluate physical damage related to the Abusive Use of Technology (PDAUTS) in daily life. METHODS: Validation of the PDAUTS was performed through 5 phases: (1) initial scale construction with 20 questions; (2) expert evaluation of questions; (3) application to 200 volunteers; (4) statistical analysis of the results; (5) preparation of the final validated version, retaining the 20 questions. RESULTS: We used the R statistical program, version 3.4.2 and the "dplyr" package to present the descriptive statistics, the hypothesis tests of mean differences and the factor analysis. The results provided a validated final version for PDAUTS. The last step of the study was to calculate Cronbach's alpha parameter, in order to measure the internal consistency of the scale. The value found was 0.897, which in is considered very good. CONCLUSION: The validated PDAUTS allowed us to evaluate physical damage in each subject and design adequate training and treatment programs, reducing overall impairments and contributing to the improvement in quality of life.

Ansiedad social, adicción al internet y al cibersexo: su relación con la percepción de salud / Social anxiety, Internet and Cibersex addiction: its relationship with health perception

Resumen Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva, correlacional de corte transversal, para describir la posible relación entre la ansiedad social, la adicción a internet y al cibersexo, con la percepción de bienestar subjetivo y de malestar físico. Participaron 214 adultos jóvenes, con edades entre los 18 y 30 años, de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia. Los resultados evidenciaron un nivel bajo en el comportamiento de las variables y relaciones significativas, con diferencias en función del sexo, siendo en las mujeres la relación significativa y positiva entre la adicción al internet y la adición al cibersexo con la percepción de malestar físico, y en los hombres, significativa y negativa entre la adicción al internet y al cibersexo con la percepción de bienestar subjetivo. Se discuten los resultados y sus implicaciones, para el mejoramiento del bienestar y la calidad de vida del adulto joven.

Abstract A quantitative, descriptive and correlational research was done, with Cross - sectional design, with the aim to describe the possible significant relationship between the social anxiety, internet use addiction and Cybersex addiction, with the perception of subjective well-being and physical discomfort. Participants were 214 young adults, women and men with ages between 18 to 30 years old; all of them from the city of Bogotá, Colombia. The results showed low level measures in all of the variables with significant relationships between them. Also, showed significant differences depending on gender. For women, the relationship was stronger and positive between the internet and cybersex addiction and their perception of physical discomfort, for men was stronger and negative between internet and cybersex addiction and their subjective well-being perception. The results are discussed and its implications, in order to improve the well-being and the quality of life of the young adults.